C library for Broadcom BCM 2835 as used in Raspberry Pi

This is a C library for Raspberry Pi (RPi). It provides access to GPIO and other IO functions on the Broadcom BCM 2835 chip, as used in the RaspberryPi, allowing access to the GPIO pins on the 26 pin IDE plug on the RPi board so you can control and interface with various external devices.

It provides functions for reading digital inputs and setting digital outputs, using SPI and I2C, and for accessing the system timers. Pin event detection is supported by polling (interrupts are not supported).

Works on all versions up to and including RPI 4. Works with all versions of Debian up to and including Debian Buster 10. Reported to be working on Bullseye (Raspbian v11)

It is C++ compatible, and installs as a header file and non-shared library on any Linux-based distro (but clearly is no use except on Raspberry Pi or another board with BCM 2835).

The version of the package that this documentation refers to can be downloaded from http://www.airspayce.com/mikem/bcm2835/bcm2835-1.75.tar.gz You can find the latest version at http://www.airspayce.com/mikem/bcm2835

Several example programs are provided.

Based on data in http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals and http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf and http://www.scribd.com/doc/101830961/GPIO-Pads-Control2

You can also find online help and discussion at http://groups.google.com/group/bcm2835 Please use that group for all questions and discussions on this topic. Do not contact the author directly, unless it is to discuss commercial licensing. Before asking a question or reporting a bug, please read

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/How_to_ask_a_software_question
• http://www.catb.org/esr/faqs/smart-questions.html
• http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~shgtatham/bugs.html

Tested on debian6-19-04-2012, 2012-07-15-wheezy-raspbian, 2013-07-26-wheezy-raspbian and Occidentalisv01, 2016-02-09 Raspbian Jessie. CAUTION: it has been observed that when detect enables such as bcm2835_gpio_len() are used and the pin is pulled LOW it can cause temporary hangs on 2012-07-15-wheezy-raspbian, 2013-07-26-wheezy-raspbian and Occidentalisv01. Reason for this is not yet determined, but we suspect that an interrupt handler is hitting a hard loop on those OSs. If you must use bcm2835_gpio_len() and friends, make sure you disable the pins with bcm2835_gpio_clr_len() and friends after use.

In order to compile this library, you may need to install:

• libc6-dev
• libgcc-s-dev
• libstdc++-staticdev

Running as root

Prior to the release of Raspbian Jessie in Feb 2016, access to any peripheral device via /dev/mem on the RPi required the process to run as root. Raspbian Jessie permits non-root users to access the GPIO peripheral (only) via /dev/gpiomem, and this library supports that limited mode of operation.

If the library runs with effective UID of 0 (ie root), then bcm2835_init() will attempt to open /dev/mem, and, if successful, it will permit use of all peripherals and library functions.

If the library runs with any other effective UID (ie not root), then bcm2835_init() will attempt to open /dev/gpiomem, and, if successful, will only permit GPIO operations. In particular, bcm2835_spi_begin() and bcm2835_i2c_begin() will return false and all other non-gpio operations may fail silently or crash.

If your program needs acccess to /dev/mem but not as root, and if you have the libcap-dev package installed on the target, you can compile this library to use libcap2 so that it tests whether the exceutable has the cap_sys_rawio capability, and therefore permission to access /dev/mem. To enable this ability, uncomment the #define BCM2835_HAVE_LIBCAP in bcm2835.h or -DBCM2835_HAVE_LIBCAP on your compiler command line. After your program has been compiled:

sudo setcap cap_sys_rawio+ep *myprogname*

You also need to do these steps on the host once, to support libcap and not-root read/write access to /dev/mem:

1. Install libcap support

     sudo apt-get install libcap2 libcap-dev
   2. Add current user to kmem group
   \code
     sudo adduser $USER kmem

2. Allow write access to /dev/mem by members of kmem group

   echo 'SUBSYSTEM=="mem", KERNEL=="mem", GROUP="kmem", MODE="0660"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/98-mem.rules

   sudo reboot

Installation

This library consists of a single non-shared library and header file, which will be installed in the usual places by make install

# download the latest version of the library, say bcm2835-1.xx.tar.gz, then:
tar zxvf bcm2835-1.xx.tar.gz
cd bcm2835-1.xx
./configure
make
sudo make check
sudo make install

Physical Addresses

The functions bcm2835_peri_read(), bcm2835_peri_write() and bcm2835_peri_set_bits() are low level peripheral register access functions. They are designed to use physical addresses as described in section 1.2.3 ARM physical addresses of the BCM2835 ARM Peripherals manual. Physical addresses range from 0x20000000 to 0x20FFFFFF for peripherals. The bus addresses for peripherals are set up to map onto the peripheral bus address range starting at 0x7E000000. Thus a peripheral advertised in the manual at bus address 0x7Ennnnnn is available at physical address 0x20nnnnnn.

On RPI 2, the peripheral addresses are different and the bcm2835 library gets them from reading /proc/device-tree/soc/ranges. This is only availble with recent versions of the kernel on RPI 2.

After initialisation, the base address of the various peripheral registers are available with the following externals: bcm2835_gpio bcm2835_pwm bcm2835_clk bcm2835_pads bcm2835_spio0 bcm2835_st bcm2835_bsc0 bcm2835_bsc1 bcm2835_aux bcm2835_spi1

Raspberry Pi 2 (RPI2)

For this library to work correctly on RPI2, you MUST have the device tree support enabled in the kernel. You should also ensure you are using the latest version of Linux. The library has been tested on RPI2 with 2015-02-16-raspbian-wheezy and ArchLinuxARM-rpi-2 as of 2015-03-29.

When device tree suport is enabled, the file /proc/device-tree/soc/ranges will appear in the file system, and the bcm2835 module relies on its presence to correctly run on RPI2 (it is optional for RPI1). Without device tree support enabled and the presence of this file, it will not work on RPI2.

To enable device tree support:

sudo raspi-config
 under Advanced Options - enable Device Tree
 Reboot.

Pin Numbering

The GPIO pin numbering as used by RPi is different to and inconsistent with the underlying BCM 2835 chip pin numbering. http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs

RPi has a 26 pin IDE header that provides access to some of the GPIO pins on the BCM 2835, as well as power and ground pins. Not all GPIO pins on the BCM 2835 are available on the IDE header.

RPi Version 2 also has a P5 connector with 4 GPIO pins, 5V, 3.3V and Gnd.

The functions in this library are designed to be passed the BCM 2835 GPIO pin number and not the RPi pin number. There are symbolic definitions for each of the available pins that you should use for convenience. See RPiGPIOPin.

SPI Pins

The bcm2835_spi_* functions allow you to control the BCM 2835 SPI0 interface, allowing you to send and received data by SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface). For more information about SPI, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus

When bcm2835_spi_begin() is called it changes the bahaviour of the SPI interface pins from their default GPIO behaviour in order to support SPI. While SPI is in use, you will not be able to control the state of the SPI pins through the usual bcm2835_spi_gpio_write(). When bcm2835_spi_end() is called, the SPI pins will all revert to inputs, and can then be configured and controled with the usual bcm2835_gpio_* calls.

The Raspberry Pi GPIO pins used for SPI are:

• P1-19 (MOSI)
• P1-21 (MISO)
• P1-23 (CLK)
• P1-24 (CE0)
• P1-26 (CE1)

Although it is possible to select high speeds for the SPI interface, up to 125MHz (see bcm2835_spi_setClockDivider()) you should not expect to actually achieve those sorts of speeds with the RPi wiring. Our tests on RPi 2 show that the SPI CLK line when unloaded has a resonant frequency of about 40MHz, and when loaded, the MOSI and MISO lines ring at an even lower frequency. Measurements show that SPI waveforms are very poor and unusable at 62 and 125MHz. Dont expect any speed faster than 31MHz to work reliably.

The bcm2835_aux_spi_* functions allow you to control the BCM 2835 SPI1 interface, allowing you to send and received data by SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface).

The Raspberry Pi GPIO pins used for AUX SPI (SPI1) are:

• P1-38 (MOSI)
• P1-35 (MISO)
• P1-40 (CLK)
• P1-36 (CE2)

Caution: The bcm2835 library works directly on the SPI/I2C devices. It is not using any Linux device drivers. When relevant Linux drivers are loaded or activated then it can create unexpected behavior from other software like 'i2cdetect'.

Here is a simple utility which detects I2C bus devices with the bcm2835 library. https://github.com/gavinlyonsrepo/RPI_Tools/tree/main/src/i2cdetect

I2C Pins

The bcm2835_i2c_* functions allow you to control the BCM 2835 BSC interface, allowing you to send and received data by I2C ("eye-squared cee"; generically referred to as "two-wire interface") . For more information about I?C, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C

The Raspberry Pi V2 GPIO pins used for I2C are:

• P1-03 (SDA)
• P1-05 (SLC)

PWM

The BCM2835 supports hardware PWM on a limited subset of GPIO pins. This bcm2835 library provides functions for configuring and controlling PWM output on these pins.

The BCM2835 contains 2 independent PWM channels (0 and 1), each of which be connnected to a limited subset of GPIO pins. The following GPIO pins may be connected to the following PWM channels (from section 9.5):

GPIO PIN    RPi pin  PWM Channel    ALT FUN
12                    0            0
13                    1            0
18         1-12       0            5
19                    1            5
40                    0            0
41                    1            0
45                    1            0
52                    0            1
53                    1            1

In order for a GPIO pin to emit output from its PWM channel, it must be set to the Alt Function given above. Note carefully that current versions of the Raspberry Pi only expose one of these pins (GPIO 18 = RPi Pin 1-12) on the IO headers, and therefore this is the only IO pin on the RPi that can be used for PWM. Further it must be set to ALT FUN 5 to get PWM output.

Both PWM channels are driven by the same PWM clock, whose clock dvider can be varied using bcm2835_pwm_set_clock(). Each channel can be separately enabled with bcm2835_pwm_set_mode(). The average output of the PWM channel is determined by the ratio of DATA/RANGE for that channel. Use bcm2835_pwm_set_range() to set the range and bcm2835_pwm_set_data() to set the data in that ratio

Each PWM channel can run in either Balanced or Mark-Space mode. In Balanced mode, the hardware sends a combination of clock pulses that results in an overall DATA pulses per RANGE pulses. In Mark-Space mode, the hardware sets the output HIGH for DATA clock pulses wide, followed by LOW for RANGE-DATA clock pulses.

The PWM clock can be set to control the PWM pulse widths. The PWM clock is derived from a 19.2MHz clock. You can set any divider, but some common ones are provided by the BCM2835_PWM_CLOCK_DIVIDER_* values of bcm2835PWMClockDivider.

For example, say you wanted to drive a DC motor with PWM at about 1kHz, and control the speed in 1/1024 increments from 0/1024 (stopped) through to 1024/1024 (full on). In that case you might set the clock divider to be 16, and the RANGE to 1024. The pulse repetition frequency will be 1.2MHz/1024 = 1171.875Hz.

Interactions with other systems

In order for bcm2835 library SPI to work, you may need to disable the SPI kernel module using:

sudo raspi-config
 under Advanced Options - enable Device Tree
 under Advanced Options - disable SPI
 Reboot.

Since bcm2835 accesses the lowest level hardware interfaces (in eh intererests of speed and flexibility) there can be intercations with other low level software trying to do similar things.

It seems that with "latest" 8.0 Jessie 4.9.24-v7+ kernel PWM just won't work unless you disable audio. There's a line

dtparam=audio=on

in the /boot/config.txt. Comment it out like this:

#dtparam=audio=on

Real Time performance constraints

The bcm2835 is a library for user programs (i.e. they run in 'userland'). Such programs are not part of the kernel and are usually subject to paging and swapping by the kernel while it does other things besides running your program. This means that you should not expect to get real-time performance or real-time timing constraints from such programs. In particular, there is no guarantee that the bcm2835_delay() and bcm2835_delayMicroseconds() will return after exactly the time requested. In fact, depending on other activity on the host, IO etc, you might get significantly longer delay times than the one you asked for. So please dont expect to get exactly the time delay you request.

Arjan reports that you can prevent swapping on Linux with the following code fragment:

#define <sched.h>
#define <sys/mman.h>
 
struct sched_param sp;
memset(&sp, 0, sizeof(sp));
sp.sched_priority = sched_get_priority_max(SCHED_FIFO);
sched_setscheduler(0, SCHED_FIFO, &sp);
mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE);

Crashing on some versions of Raspbian

Some people have reported that various versions of Rasbian will crash or hang if certain GPIO pins are toggled: https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/issues/2550 when using bcm2835. A workaround is to add this line to your /boot/config.txt:

dtoverlay=gpio-no-irq

Bindings to other languages

mikem has made Perl bindings available at CPAN: http://search.cpan.org/~mikem/Device-BCM2835-1.9/lib/Device/BCM2835.pm

Matthew Baker has kindly made Python bindings available at: https: github.com/mubeta06/py-libbcm2835

Gary Marks has created a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) command-line utility for Raspberry Pi, based on the bcm2835 library. The utility, spincl, is licensed under Open Source GNU GPLv3 by iP Solutions (http://ipsolutionscorp.com), as a free download with source included: http://ipsolutionscorp.com/raspberry-pi-spi-utility/

Bindings for Ada are available courtesy Tama McGlinn at https://github.com/TamaMcGlinn/ada_raspio

Open Source Licensing GPL V3

This is the appropriate option if you want to share the source code of your application with everyone you distribute it to, and you also want to give them the right to share who uses it. If you wish to use this software under Open Source Licensing, you must contribute all your source code to the open source community in accordance with the GPL Version 3 when your application is distributed. See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html and COPYING

Commercial Licensing

This is the appropriate option if you are creating proprietary applications and you are not prepared to distribute and share the source code of your application. To purchase a commercial license, contact info@.nosp@m.airs.nosp@m.payce.nosp@m..com

Acknowledgements

Some of this code has been inspired by Dom and Gert. The I2C code has been inspired by Alan Barr.

Revision History

Version

1.0 Initial release

1.1 Minor bug fixes

1.2 Added support for SPI

1.3 Added bcm2835_spi_transfern()

1.4 Fixed a problem that prevented SPI CE1 being used. Reported by David Robinson.

1.5 Added bcm2835_close() to deinit the library. Suggested by C?sar Ortiz

1.6 Document testing on 2012-07-15-wheezy-raspbian and Occidentalisv01 Functions bcm2835_gpio_ren(), bcm2835_gpio_fen(), bcm2835_gpio_hen() bcm2835_gpio_len(), bcm2835_gpio_aren() and bcm2835_gpio_afen() now changes only the pin specified. Other pins that were already previously enabled stay enabled. Added bcm2835_gpio_clr_ren(), bcm2835_gpio_clr_fen(), bcm2835_gpio_clr_hen() bcm2835_gpio_clr_len(), bcm2835_gpio_clr_aren(), bcm2835_gpio_clr_afen() to clear the enable for individual pins, suggested by Andreas Sundstrom.

1.7 Added bcm2835_spi_transfernb to support different buffers for read and write.

1.8 Improvements to read barrier, as suggested by maddin.

1.9 Improvements contributed by mikew: I noticed that it was mallocing memory for the mmaps on /dev/mem. It's not necessary to do that, you can just mmap the file directly, so I've removed the mallocs (and frees). I've also modified delayMicroseconds() to use nanosleep() for long waits, and a busy wait on a high resolution timer for the rest. This is because I've found that calling nanosleep() takes at least 100-200 us. You need to link using '-lrt' using this version. I've added some unsigned casts to the debug prints to silence compiler warnings I was getting, fixed some typos, and changed the value of BCM2835_PAD_HYSTERESIS_ENABLED to 0x08 as per Gert van Loo's doc at http://www.scribd.com/doc/101830961/GPIO-Pads-Control2 Also added a define for the passwrd value that Gert says is needed to change pad control settings.

1.10 Changed the names of the delay functions to bcm2835_delay() and bcm2835_delayMicroseconds() to prevent collisions with wiringPi. Macros to map delay()-> bcm2835_delay() and Macros to map delayMicroseconds()-> bcm2835_delayMicroseconds(), which can be disabled by defining BCM2835_NO_DELAY_COMPATIBILITY

1.11 Fixed incorrect link to download file

1.12 New GPIO pin definitions for RPi version 2 (which has a different GPIO mapping)

1.13 New GPIO pin definitions for RPi version 2 plug P5 Hardware base pointers are now available (after initialisation) externally as bcm2835_gpio bcm2835_pwm bcm2835_clk bcm2835_pads bcm2835_spi0.

1.14 Now compiles even if CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW is not available, uses CLOCK_MONOTONIC instead. Fixed errors in documentation of SPI divider frequencies based on 250MHz clock. Reported by Ben Simpson.

1.15 Added bcm2835_close() to end of examples as suggested by Mark Wolfe.

1.16 Added bcm2835_gpio_set_multi, bcm2835_gpio_clr_multi and bcm2835_gpio_write_multi to allow a mask of pins to be set all at once. Requested by Sebastian Loncar.

1.17 Added bcm2835_gpio_write_mask. Requested by Sebastian Loncar.

1.18 Added bcm2835_i2c_* functions. Changes to bcm2835_delayMicroseconds: now uses the RPi system timer counter, instead of clock_gettime, for improved accuracy. No need to link with -lrt now. Contributed by Arjan van Vught.

1.19 Removed inlines added by previous patch since they don't seem to work everywhere. Reported by olly.

1.20 Patch from Mark Dootson to close /dev/mem after access to the peripherals has been granted.

1.21 delayMicroseconds is now not susceptible to 32 bit timer overruns. Patch courtesy Jeremy Mortis.

1.22 Fixed incorrect definition of BCM2835_GPFEN0 which broke the ability to set falling edge events. Reported by Mark Dootson.

1.23 Added bcm2835_i2c_set_baudrate and bcm2835_i2c_read_register_rs. Improvements to bcm2835_i2c_read and bcm2835_i2c_write functions to fix ocasional reads not completing. Patched by Mark Dootson.

1.24 Mark Dootson p[atched a problem with his previously submitted code under high load from other processes.

1.25 Updated author and distribution location details to airspayce.com

1.26 Added missing unmapmem for pads in bcm2835_close to prevent a memory leak. Reported by Hartmut Henkel.

1.27 bcm2835_gpio_set_pad() no longer needs BCM2835_PAD_PASSWRD: it is now automatically included. Added support for PWM mode with bcm2835_pwm_* functions.

1.28 Fixed a problem where bcm2835_spi_writenb() would have problems with transfers of more than 64 bytes dues to read buffer filling. Patched by Peter Würtz.

1.29 Further fix to SPI from Peter Würtz.

1.30 10 microsecond delays from bcm2835_spi_transfer and bcm2835_spi_transfern for significant performance improvements, Patch by Alan Watson.

1.31 Fix a GCC warning about dummy variable, patched by Alan Watson. Thanks.

1.32 Added option I2C_V1 definition to compile for version 1 RPi. By default I2C code is generated for the V2 RPi which has SDA1 and SCL1 connected. Contributed by Malcolm Wiles based on work by Arvi Govindaraj.

1.33 Added command line utilities i2c and gpio to examples. Contributed by Shahrooz Shahparnia.

1.34 Added bcm2835_i2c_write_read_rs() which writes an arbitrary number of bytes, sends a repeat start, and reads from the device. Contributed by Eduardo Steinhorst.

1.35 Fix build errors when compiled under Qt. Also performance improvements with SPI transfers. Contributed b Udo Klaas.

1.36 Make automake's test runner detect that we're skipping tests when not root, the second one makes us skip the test when using fakeroot (as used when building Debian packages). Contributed by Guido Günther.

1.37 Moved confiure.in to configure.ac as receommnded by autoreconf.
Improvements to bcm2835_st_read to account for possible timer overflow, contributed by 'Ed'.
Added definitions for Raspberry Pi B+ J8 header GPIO pins.

1.38 Added bcm2835_regbase for the benefit of C# wrappers, patch by Frank Hommers

1.39 Beta version of RPi2 compatibility. Not tested here on RPi2 hardware. Testers please confirm correct operation on RPi2.
Unnecessary 'volatile' qualifiers removed from all variables and signatures.
Removed unsupportable PWM dividers, based on a report from Christophe Cecillon.
Minor improvements to spi.c example.

1.40 Correct operation on RPi2 has been confirmed.
Fixed a number of compiler errors and warnings that occur when bcm2835.h is included in code compiled with -Wall -Woverflow -Wstrict-overflow -Wshadow -Wextra -pedantic. Reported by tlhackque.
Fixed a problem where calling bcm2835_delayMicroseconds loops forever when debug is set. Reported by tlhackque.
Reinstated use of volatile in 2 functions where there was a danger of lost reads or writes. Reported by tlhackque.

1.41 Added BCM2835_VERSION macro and new function bcm2835_version(); Requested by tlhackque.
Improvements to peripheral memory barriers as suggested by tlhackque.
Reinstated some necessary volatile declarations as requested by tlhackque.

1.42 Further improvements to memory barriers with the patient assistance and patches of tlhackque.

1.43 Fixed problems with compiling barriers on RPI 2 with Arch Linux and gcc 4.9.2. Reported and patched by Lars Christensen.
Testing on RPI 2, with ArchLinuxARM-rpi-2-latest and 2015-02-16-raspbian-wheezy.

1.44 Added documention about the need for device tree to be enabled on RPI2.
Improvements to detection of availability of DMB instruction based on value of __ARM_ARCH macro.

1.45 Fixed an error in the pad group offsets that would prevent bcm2835_gpio_set_pad() and bcm2835_gpio_pad() working correctly with non-0 pad groups. Reported by Guido.

1.46 2015-09-18 Added symbolic definitions for remaining pins on 40 pin GPIO header on RPi 2.

1.47 2015-11-18 Fixed possibly incorrect reads in bcm2835_i2c_read_register_rs, patch from Eckhardt Ulrich.

1.48 2015-12-08 Added patch from Eckhardt Ulrich that fixed problems that could cause hanging with bcm2835_i2c_read_register_rs and others.

1.49 2016-01-05 Added patch from Jonathan Perkin with new functions bcm2835_gpio_eds_multi() and bcm2835_gpio_set_eds_multi().

1.50 2016-02-28 Added support for running as non-root, permitting access to GPIO only. Functions bcm2835_spi_begin() and bcm2835_i2c_begin() will now return 0 if not running as root (which prevents access to the SPI and I2C peripherals, amongst others). Testing on Raspbian Jessie.

1.51 2016-11-03 Added documentation about SPI clock divider and resulting SPI speeds on RPi3. Fixed a problem where seg fault could occur in bcm2835_delayMicroseconds() if not running as root. Patch from Pok.

1.52 2017-02-03 Added link to commercial license purchasing.

1.53 2018-01-14 Added support for AUX SPI (SPI1) Contributed by Arjan van Vught (http://www.raspberrypi-dmx.org/)

1.54 2018-01-17 Fixed compile errors in new AUX spi code under some circumstances.

1.55 2018-01-20 Fixed version numbers. Fixed some warnings.

1.56 2018-06-10 Supports bcm2835_spi_setBitOrder(BCM2835_SPI_BIT_ORDER_LSBFIRST), after which SPI bytes are reversed on read or write. Based on a suggestion by Damiano Benedetti.

1.57 2018-08-28 Added SPI function bcm2835_spi_set_speed_hz(uint32_t speed_hz); Contributed by Arjan van Vught (http://www.raspberrypi-dmx.org/)

1.58 2018-11-29 Added examples/spiram, which shows how to use the included little library (spiram.c and spiram.h) to read and write SPI RAM chips such as 23K256-I/P

1.59 2019-05-22 Fixed a bug in bcm2835_i2c_read reported by Charles Hayward where a noisy I2C line cold cause a seg fault by reading too many characters.

1.60 2019-07-23 Applied patch from Mark Dootson for RPi 4 compatibility. Thanks Mark. Not tested here on RPi4, but others report it works. Tested as still working correctly on earlier RPi models. Tested with Debian Buster on earlier models

1.61 2020-01-11 Fixed errors in the documentation for bcm2835_spi_write. Fixes issue seen on Raspberry Pi 4 boards where 64-bit off_t is used by default via -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64. The offset was being incorrectly converted, this way is clearer and fixes the problem. Contributed by Jonathan Perkin.

1.62 2020-01-12 Fixed a problem that could cause compile failures with size_t and off_t

1.63 2020-03-07 Added bcm2835_aux_spi_transfer, contributed by Michivi Adopted GPL V3 licensing

1.64 2020-04-11 Fixed error in definitions of BCM2835_AUX_SPI_STAT_TX_LVL and BCM2835_AUX_SPI_STAT_RX_LVL. Patch from Eric Marzec. Thanks.

1.65, 1.66 2020-04-16 Added support for use of capability cap_sys_rawio to determine if access to /dev/mem is available for non-root users. Contributed by Doug McFadyen.

1.67, 1.66 2020-06-11 Fixed an error in bcm2835_i2c_read() where the status byte was not correctly updated with BCM2835_BSC_S_DONE Reported by Zihan. Thanks.

1.69, 2021-03-30 Added link to Ada bindings by Tama McGlinn. Fixed problem with undefined off_t on some compilers.

1.70, Patch to ensure compilation with gcc -std=c99, as reported by John Blaiklock. Fix some inconsistencies in version numbers

1.71 Added SMI bus support, courtesy of Benoit Bouchez, including new functions:
bcm2835_smi_begin(), bcm2835_smi_end(), bcm2835_smi_set_timing(), bcm2835_smi_write(), bcm2835_smi_read().

1.72 Added examples/smi/smi.c showing how to use new SMI bus support, courtesy Benoit Bouchez. Added support for disabling documentation genetration with "./configure --with-docs=no", courtesy of Christian Zuckschwerdt.

1.73 Fixed some inconsistent indenting in bcm2835.c that triggers warnings for some people. Added Timeout checks to bcm2835_i2c_write() in case of IO problems. New reason cade BCM2835_I2C_REASON_ERROR_TIMEOUT added. Patch courtesy Simon Peacock.

1.74 Timeout in bcm2835_i2c_write() increased by a factor of 10 because some users have reported spurious timeouts at slow speeds.

1.75 Patches to bcm2835_aux_spi_transfernb() from Sean Goff to deal with the case where the process is interrupted between filling the TX FIFO and reading the RX FIFO.

Author

Mike McCauley DO NOT CONTACT THE AUTHOR DIRECTLY: USE THE LISTS